HMANLAI LUNGPHUNA ZO
HNAHTHLAK TE INAN DAN
-
Dr Malsawmliana
Lungphun culture (megalithic culture) hi
khawvel ram dang chu sawi loh, kan chhehvela hnamdangte – Khasi, Naga etc. te
hian an ching hle a, an hnam nunphungah pawh pawimawhna a nei nasa hle nghe nghe
a ni. Keini Mizo te ai mah hian a bik takin Khasi ho chuan an nunphungah awmzia
an neih tir nasa niin a lang a, chuvangin lungphun hi an uar a, ngah pawh an
ngah hle reng a. Heng lungphun te hi hriatrengna lungphun a nih piah lamah an
chhungte thi tawh ruh dahna atan te leh thildang atan an hmang thin a ni.
Archaeology-ah hian zirna peng hrang hrang
zingah megaliths lam hi tunlaia langsar pawl tak a ni a. ‘Megaliths’ tih hi
Greek tawng ‘mega’ leh ‘lithos’ atanga lak a ni a. Mega tih chu ‘lian(large)’ tih a ni a, lithos hi ‘lung’ (stone)’tihna a ni.[1] Tichuan, megaliths tih chu lungphun lian sawina a
ni mai a, a mal din aimahin huhova lungphun emaw phun tlar tuarh ang hi megaliths tih hian a hawi mah zawk a, a
mal din (single upright stone) hi ‘monolith’ ti a sawi a ni thung.
Megaliths (lungphun) hi khawvel hmun hrang
hrangah hmuh tur a awm a, India hmarchhakah pawh hian a bikin Meghalaya ah hian
a tam leh zual. Khawvelah hian Lungphun hi chi hrang hrang(types) a awm a, a
phun dan a zirin hming hran an put tir vek a, chung zinga a tlanglawn te chu
hengte hi a ni –
a)
Menhir – lung phun pangngai/ a
tung, hei hi lung mal din a kawk deuh
b)
Alignment- hei hi a huho/a intlara
lungphun sawina a ni.
c)
Stonehenge – a kuala lungphun
d)
Dolmen (table stone/stone seats) –a
bawk a phun
e)
Cairns – lung chhun pawn (stone
heaps)
Heng bakah hian phun dan chi hrang
hrang a la awm nual a, mahse hengte hi a tlangpui an ni. A phun dan a zir hian
a awmzia a danglam thin a, society-ah pawh an pawimawhna a inang lo bawk. Heng
a chunga Type hrang hrang kan sawi atang hian Mizorama kan neih ve te han
tarlang ila :
a)
Menhir – hei hi chu Mizo lungphun
pangngai hi a ni a, a tung chho a phun ho hi a ni. Mizorama lungphun tam ber hi
‘Menhir’ a ni.
b)
Alignment – Lung phun tlar ho hi an ni mai a.
Hmanlaiin pasaltha te hriatrengnan lung an phun tlar thin a, chung chu
‘Hranglungphun’ an ti. (eg. Tuithoh kama pasaltha Vanapa thlan an tih pawh hi
lung lian vak lo phun tlar a ni.) Tin Mizoram hmarchhaka Lungphunlian pawh khi
a piah deuhah khian a khat tawkin an inphun tlar hlawm bawk a. Hetianga lung
phun tlar hi Alignment chu a ni.
c)
Dolmen – hei hi a bawk/tlu a phun a ni a,
a hnuaiah kamtu a awm thin. Mizoramah chuan Champhai Zote tlanga ‘Sikpui Lung’
ang hi a ni. A phek zawngin leiah an phah a, a hnuaiah lungthu pathum in an kam
kang a. Hetiang hi khawvel hmun dangah pawh hmuh tur tam tak a awm a,
amaherawhchu an phun chhan (ideology) erawh a danglam thung.
d)
Cairns (kians ti a lam tur) – hei hi lung
chhun pawn a ni a, a chung lamah a zuih ral thin. Mizoramah chuan Mara leh Lai hnam
hovin an lal hriatrengnan a an phun thin ‘Pura’ ang hi a ni awm e. Pyramid ang
hian a hnuai lama a arh a, a chung lamah a zuih ral thin a ni.
e)
Stone Platform (Lungdawh):
Hetianga lungphun dan chi hrang
hrang a awm avang leh a phun chhan pawh a inan loh nuai(h) avang hian Lungphun
hlui te atang hian a phuntute chanchin leh an nunphung, an hnam chin dan te thui
tak a zir theih a. Chuvangin lungphun(megaliths) hi history chhuina atana thil
tangkai tak a ni reng a ni. Entirnan, Sikpui Lung chu Hmar ho kut pui khat ‘Sikpui
Roui’an hman laia an phun thin a ni a, a phun dan pawh chipchiar takin an nei
thlap a ni.
Tin, Mizo te khan an lungphun reng
rengah milem an ziak nasa hle a, ziah lohna (plain monument) pawh a awm tho
bawk a. Heng milem te hi a tlangpuin Sial lu, dar lem, mihring lem, puan, sava,
sakawr, silai, fei, sakhi/sazuk leh thil chi hrang hrang te an ziak/ker thin a.
Thil mak ve deuh mai chu Zoram khawi hmuna mi pawh hi en ila, milem inziak a
awm chuan an ziah dan kalhmang hi a inang vek mai a. Khawchhak lama Lianpui leh
Vangchhia vela lungphuna mihring lem an ziah dan(style) leh khawtlang Pukzing
daia lungphun te, South Sabual kawtchhuaha lungphun a mihring lem inziak te chu
a inang vek a ni. Tin, Pu Rinsanga’n “heng lungphun zawng zawnga lemziakte hi a
inang tlangpui a, chungte chu –mihring ding tlar lem te, thangchhuahpa lem
te….etc. hnam khat kutchhuak tih a hriat hle…”[2] tiin a sawi a. A sawi ang hian Mizoram chhunga
lungphunah te hian milem inziak a awm chuan mihring lem, hmanraw lem, sial lu
etc. te hi a ni tlangpui, an ziah dan(style) pawh hi a inang deuh vek bawk.
Khawchhak leh khawtlang lama mi pawh an thil ziah leh an ziah dan a inang tho
bawk. Amaherawhchu hemi vang ringawt hian hnam khat kutchhuak a ni erawh kan ti
ngawt thei lo.
Lungphun a milem inziak te hi a ziah
dan a zirin hetiang hian then theih a ni[3] –
a)
Thai ran (scratching of figures on the outer
surface)
b)
Ker khuar (deep cutting or deep incising)
c)
A pawnga inziak (Engraving of figures in
high relief or embossing)
d)
Engmah inziah lona lungphun (plain
monument)
Kan thupuiah hian ‘hmanlai lungphuna
Zo hnahthlak te inan dan’ tih a ni a, Zo hnahthlak hrang hrangte hian lungphun
dan chi hrang an nei em ? tih hi zawhna awm thei tak a ni awm e.Lusei ho in
engtin nge lung an phun a, Hmar ho in engtin nge an phun? Ralte, Paite etc. ten
lungphun dan chi hrang an nei em ? A chunga kan tarlan tawh angin khawvel pumah
hnam hrang hrangte hian lungphun dan tlanglawn tak an neih chu a ding a phun
(upright position) hi a ni awm e. Mizoram hmun hrang hrang chhim leh hmar,
chhak leh thlanga hmanlai kan pi leh pute lungphun hlui pawh hi hetiang chi vek
hi a ni. Chuvangin Zo hnahthlak hrang hrangte hian lungphun danah hian a ding a
phun hi kan chin dan tlanglawn tak chu a ni awm e.
Tin, lungphunah hian milem chi hrang
hrang ziah a ni a, a ziah dan kalhmang erawh a inang vek lova, a pawng chi te,
a ker chi te leh thuk vaka lova ziah te a ni a. A bikin a pawnga inziak ho hi a
tam em em lem lova, a awmna hmun hi chhiar tham lek a ni. Chutih rualin a phun
tute erawh tute nge ni ang ? tih hi zawhna lian tak a ni bawk. Khaw chhaka
Vangchhia-ah ‘Kawtchhuah Ropui’ a awm a, hetah hian lungphun 242 a awm a,[4] heng lungphun te hi
hnamdang (i.e.Rongmei) phun ni a ngaihna te a awm a, amaherawh chu Mizo pipute
phun ngei ni a ngaih a ni.[5] Zo hnahthlak eng hnam ber
nge tih erawh chhui zui chi a nih hmel a. Lungphunah hian milem chi hrang hrang
a pawnga inziak a tam hle a ni. Hetih lai hian a piah lawk Lianpui khaw daiah
‘Lianpuia Lungdawh’ a awm bawk a, hetah hian lungphun 84 a awm bawk a.[6] Heng lungphun te hi Palian
lal, Lianpuia’n helai hmuna a awm laia a phun ni a ngaih a ni.[7] Heng lungphun hrang hranga
milem inziak te pawh hi Vangchhia a kawtchhuah Ropuia lungphuna inziak ang
chiahin a pawnga inziak vek a ni bawk. Tin, Champhai Zotlanga Mangkhaia Lung hi
Ralte lal, Mangkhaia hriatrengnana a pa Mangthawnga’n a phun ni a sawi a ni a.[8] Khawthlang Pukzing daiah
pawh hian ‘lung phun lian’ a awm a, he lung hi Chenkual lal in a phun ni a sawi
a ni.[9] Heng lungphun kan han
tarlan ah te hian milem inziak hi a pawnga inziak vek a ni a, milem inziak te
pawh a inang tlangpui bawk. Chuvangin Mizo hnam hrang hrangte lungphun ah hian
inanna tam tak a awm awm e. Amaherawh chu Mizoram chhim lamah hian hetiang
lungphun, a pawnga milem inziak ang hi hmuh leh sawi tur a vang hle a nih hmel.
Tin, Mizoram hmun hrang hranga
lungphun a milem inziak te hi a ziah dan (style) a inang deuh vek a, khawchhak
lama mihring lem, selu lem etc. an ziah dan te hi khawthlang lam leh hmar lama
an ziah dan nen a inang vek bawk. Mihring lem, thi awrh, tukkhum lama sam ziak
ni awm tak leh Vaibel zu lai ni awm tak hi a ni tlangpui a. A kut lehlamin Fei
a keng tlangpui bawk. Hetiang anga mihring lem inziak hi hmuh tur a tam hle a,
Mizoram hmun hrang hrangah hmuh tur a awm. Tin, Selu, ramsa lem, darkhuang lem
etc. an ziah dan pawh a inang tlangpui bawk. Chuvangin Mizoram chhunga lungphun
(milem inziak awmna) te hi hnam khat sulhnu a nih theihna a sang hle. Tin, Mizo
te thlang tlak dan leh an pem zel dan (routes of migration), an khawsak tawhna
(settlement pattern) te kan zir chuan Mizoram khawchhak atang hian khawtlangah
an chhuk thla zel tih a lang a. Hetiang a nih avang hian khawchhak lam
lungphuna milem inziah angin khawtlang lama an chhuk hnuah pawh an ziak ta zel
a nih hmel. Tin, khawchhak lama lungphun te hi a tlangpuiin khawtlang lama
lungphun te aiin an upa zawk niin a lang.
Mizo Lungphun thenkhatah hian ‘kua’
hmuh tur a awm nual bawk a, hengte hi darkhuang khaina ni a sawi thin a ni a,
cherchingkim te pawh an khai thin bawk. Hetianga darkhuang/cherchingkim khaina
tur Lung tih kuak hi a phun tu ropuina tarlanna a ni tel bawk. Entirnan,
khawthlang Pukzing daia ‘lungphun lian’ ah hian kuttum tiat velin a kua a, Sialhawk
khua a lungphunah te, Mualphenga ‘Laithangpuii Lung’ah te, Ruantlanga ‘Chhura
leh Na a lungverh’ ah te hetiang kua hi a awm bawk. Heng lung kerkuak awmna
khuate hi Zoram hmun hrang hrang a nih avangin Mizo hnam hrang hrangte sulhnu a
nih hmel hle a ni.
Hetianga Lung
phun pangngai bakah hian Hmar ho chuan a bawk a phun chi an nei ve a, chu chu
‘Sikpui Lung’ an ti a, Sikpui Roui hun laia an phun thin a ni. A phun dan
tlangpui han tarlang nghe nghe ila a tha awm e. Sikpui Ruoi hi Hmar hnam te kut pui a ni
a, kumtina hman erawh a ni lem lo. Kum thum chhung vel ei leh bara malsawmna an
dawn a, khua in harsatna an tawh loh chuan lawmthu sawina atan he kut hi an
hmang thin. Amaherawhchu, chhiatna an tawh te leh harsatna an tawh hunah te
chuan he kut hi an hmang ngai lem lo. Lawmthu sawina leh hlimna lam
(thanksgiving festival) a nih avangin ei leh bara an dinhmun a ziaawm lai,
malsawmna an dawn lai leh hmelma lakah pawh an him lai, hun ralmuanga an awm
laiin he kut hi an hmang ber thin.[10]
Thlasik laia hman thin a nih
avangin a hming pawh hi Sikpui Roui tih a ni. He kut hi sakhaw biakna nen a
inzawm leh lova, mipui vantlang intihhlimna kut a ni deuh ber. Mizote kut dang
ang bawkin he Kut an hman dawn hi chuan Zu leh sa a tam a, an inbuatsaih nasa
a, a hma thla 2/3 velah te an lo inbuatsaih lawk thin a ni. Sikpui Roui hi Hmar
hnam tan chuan hun pui leh nghahhlelhawm, Hmar hnam te inpumkhatna hun a ni a,
chuvangin a hlu em em a ni.
Kut neih hma kar khat velah pa hovin
ramhnuaiah lung phek hlai tha tak leh a nghahchhan tur lung dang pathum zawngin
an vak chhuak a. Heng lung te hi an uluk em em a, mihring kut hnu leh keh awm
lo, tuma tih la tih chingpen loh a ni tur a ni. Tichuan an duh ang an hmuh
hnuah khua ah zawn lutin kut an hmanna turah an dah a. Kut an hman hma ni chiah
ah heng lung te hi an phun ta a ni. An phun dan chu – mipa naupang kum 12-14
inkar bawr vel (kel khal rual vel an ti deuh kher thin) pahnih hi an inbuan tir
a. A tlangpuiin heng naupang te hi Hmar hnam chi peng pakhat, Lungtau hnam
atangin an thlang thin.[11]
Naupangte chuan an kawngah puan an vet a, tichuan an puan ven a vuan chung
chuan inchawi kan an tum thin a. A khingpui kha a chawi kan theih chuan chak
zawka puan a ni thin a. A han chawi kang a, leia a dah thlak leh chiah khan a
chak lo zawkin lei a zuk rahna chiah kha an chhinchhiah a. Chumi hmunah tak
chuan lung pakhat kha an phun ta a. Lung dang pahnih kha a bul hnaiah, lungthu
ang deuhvin an phun veleh a, tichuan a chungah lungphek kha an phah ta thin a
ni. Tichuan lung chu phun zawh a lo ni ta a, thuthleng anga hman theih a ni.
Tichuan a tukah chuan Sipui Roui chu tan a ni ta a, hemi puala hla an neih
‘Sikpui hla’ chu an sa dual dual a, a then an lam bawk a[12]
–
‘Sikpui
inthang kan ur laia
Changtuipui
aw sen mahrili kang intan
Hla hriltu/ Khuongpuzailak leh khuangpu te
chu an lungphun/Sikpui lung chungah khan an thu a. Sikpui Lung hi kut an hman
lai hi chuan serh hran a ni a, khuangpu leh hla hriltu lo chu thut ve phal a ni
lo.[13]
Hla an sak lai hian an la urhsun em em a,
an sak laia lo nui emaw, lo ti mai mai an awm chuan a bul atangin an tan tha
leh thin a, chutiang a nih loh pawhin kut hman kha an titawp thin bawk.
Chutiang khawp chuan Sikpui Roui hi Hmar hnam te hian an ngai urhsun a, an la
thu tak em em a ni.[14]
Sikpui Hla an sak hian Kut an hman chhungin hmun pawimawh tak a luah a, kut
hman tan dawna sak thin a nih avangin an ngai urhsun a, an kut hman dan
thlengin nghawng a neiah an ngai thin. A
hawnna (sikpui hla an sak zawh hian) an neih zawh hian nula leh tlangval,
nutling patling te chu hlim takin an lam a, nileng zankhua in an lam ta thin a
ni.
Hetiang lungphun hi archaeological term
chuan ‘stone seats’ tih a ni a, Mizote hian megaliths chi hrang hrang zingah
‘stone seats’ hi kan lo nei ve reng a lo ni a, amaherawhchu Mizo hnam zingah
annni ho chiah hian hetiang lungphun hi an nei niin a lang.
Tin, ‘Pura’ lungphun hi Mara leh Lai
hnam chenna velah hmuh tur a awm nual a, Chin Hills-ah Mara leh Lai ho lo awm
tawhna ah te pawh hmuh tur a la awm niin an sawi. Chuvangin ‘Pura’ lung atang
ringawt pawh hian Mara leh Lai hnam ho thlang tlak dan leh an kalkawng(routes
of migration) hi a hriat theih ve riai riai a, chutiang zelin Sikpui Lung pawh
Hmar ho chanchin chhui nan a tangkai bawk. Hetiang a nih avang hian lungphun hi
chanchin hlui(history) chhui nan a tangkai em em a ni.
A tawp berah
chuan, Mizo hnahthlak hrang hrangte lungphun chungchang kan sawi hian kan rilru
in Mizoram chhunga lungphun kan hmuh te a tin zawn deuh a. A chhan chu Mizoram
pawnah hian Mizo engemaw zat cheng mahse an lungphun dan hi chu a inang tlang vek
a, hmanlai kan pi leh pute Chin Hills, Burma a an awm laia lung an phun dan leh
an sulhnu hmuh theih ang ang te han en pawh hian a inang tlang vek mai a.
Chuvangin Mizoram chhunga lungphun kan hmuh te hian a huap kim deuh thaw awm e.
Mizo hnahthlak te hian khawvel hmun danga an chin thin dan angin a dinga lung
phun (upright position) hi kan phun dan tlang lawn ber a ni a, hemi bakah hian
Hmar hovin Sikpui Lung an neih leh Mara lamin ‘Pura’an neih te hi a danglam deuh
chu a ni awm e.
Thulakna te :
[1] Encyclopaedia Brittanica Inc, The New Encyclopaedia Brittanica Vol, VI(15th
edition), USA, 1981.
[2] Rinsanga,
Vanglaini, 19.9.2011
[3] Malsawmliana, Megalithic Monument of Mizoram : A Descriptive Study, Unpublished
PhD Thesis, submitted to the Dept. of History, NEHU, Shillong, 2010, p.30.
[4] Ni 12.9.2013 khan Kawtchhuah Ropui hi
tlawh a ni a, lungphun zat hi 242 a ni a, a tlu engawm zat a awm bawk a, hengte
erawh hi chu chhiar tel an ni lo.
[5] Ni 12.9.2013 khan Department of History,
Govt. T. Romana College leh Vangchhia YMA ten Vangchhia-ah Kawtchhuah Ropui a
lungphun chungchangah hian Symposium an buatsaih a. He Symposium ah hian paper
ziaktute leh a sawitu tam ber chuan lungphun te hi Mizo pipute sulhnu niin an
ngai.
[6] December 6-11, 2004 khan helai hmun hi
tlawh a ni a, hemi tum hian lungphun hi 84 a awm.
[7] Malswmliana,op.cit., pp.40-41
[9] Tribal Research Institute(TRI), Art &
Culture Department, Monoliths and
Landmaks in Mizoram Vol-II, P.59
[10] Lalremlien Neitham ‘Sikpui-a Festival with a Difference’ an article published in
remaginedreality.blogspot.com
[11] H.Zadawla ; Sikpui Ruai leh Sikpui Hla, an article (unpublished)
[12] L.Khuma Varte ‘Genesis and Exodus of the
Mizos : A case study of Hmars’, as cited in Girinda Kumar(ed) ‘Geographic Vol-I’, July, 2006.p50.
[13] H.Zadawla; op.cit
thank you for collection of records and works
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